Java Featutes

Java Featutes

• Platform Independence
  • The Write-Once-Run-Anywhere ideal has not been achieved (tuning for different platforms usually required), but closer than with other languages.
  
  
• Object Oriented
  • Object oriented throughout - no coding outside of class definitions, including main().
  • An extensive class library available in the core language packages.
    
    
• Compiler/Interpreter Combo
  • Code is compiled to bytecodes that are interpreted by a Java virtual machines (JVM) .
  • This provides portability to any machine for which a virtual machine has been written.
  • The two steps of compilation and interpretation allow for extensive code checking and improved security.
    
    
• Robust
  • Exception handling built-in, strong type checking (that is, all data must be declared an explicit type), local variables must be initialized.
    
    
• Several dangerous features of C & C++ eliminated:
  • No memory pointers
  • No preprocessor
    
  • Array index limit checking
  
  
• Automatic Memory Management
  • Automatic garbage collection - memory management handled by JVM.
    
    
• Security
  • No memory pointers
  • Programs runs inside the virtual machine sandbox.
  • Array index limit checking
  • Code pathologies reduced by
    • bytecode verifier - checks classes after loading
    • class loader - confines objects to unique namespaces. Prevents loading a hacked "java.lang.SecurityManager" class, for example.
    • security manager - determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing to the local disk.
      
      
• Dynamic Binding
  • The linking of data and methods to where they are located, is done at run-time.
  • New classes can be loaded while a program is running. Linking is done on the fly.
  • Even if libraries are recompiled, there is no need to recompile code that uses classes in those libraries.
    
    This differs from C++, which uses static binding. This can result in fragile classes for cases where linked code is changed and memory pointers then point to the wrong addresses.
    
    
• Good Performance
  • Interpretation of bytecodes slowed performance in early versions, but advanced virtual machines with adaptive and just-in-time compilation and other techniques now typically provide performance up to 50% to 100% the speed of C++ programs.
    
    
• Threading
  • Lightweight processes, called threads, can easily be spun off to perform multiprocessing.
  • Can take advantage of multiprocessors where available
  • Great for multimedia displays.
    
    
• Built-in Networking
  • Java was designed with networking in mind and comes with many classes to develop sophisticated Internet communications.

Features such as eliminating memory pointers and by checking array limits greatly help to remove program bugs. The garbage collector relieves programmers of the big job of memory management. These and the other features can lead to a big speedup in program development compared to C/C++ programming.

KEY JAVA FEATURES

KEY JAVA FEATURES

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Java is:
Simple, Object-oriented, Distributed, Interpreted, Robust, Secure, Architecturally Neutral, Portable, High-Performance, Dynamic.

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JAVA IS SIMPLE

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Java was developed by taking the best points from other programming languages, primarily C and C++. Java therefore utilises algorithms and methodologies that are already proven. Error prone tasks such as pointers and memory management have either been eliminated or are handled by the Java environment automatically rather than by the programmer. Since Java is primarily a derivative of C++ which most programmers are conversant with, it implies that Java has a familiar feel rendering it easy to use.

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JAVA IS OBJECT-ORIENTED

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Even though Java has the look and feel of C++, it is a wholly independent language which has been designed to be object-oriented from the ground up. In object-oriented programming (OOP), data is treated as objects to which methods are applied. Java's basic execution unit is the class. Advantages of OOP include: reusability of code, extensibility and dynamic applications.

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JAVA IS DISTRIBUTED

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Commonly used Internet protocols such as HTTP and FTP as well as calls for network access are built into Java. Internet programmers can call on the functions through the supplied libraries and be able to access files on the Internet as easily as writing to a local file system.

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JAVA IS INTERPRETED

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When Java code is compiled, the compiler outputs the Java Bytecode which is an executable for the Java Virtual Machine. The Java Virtual Machine does not exist physically but is the specification for a hypothetical processor that can run Java code. The bytecode is then run through a Java interpreter on any given platform that has the interpreter ported to it. The interpreter converts the code to the target hardware and executes it.

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JAVA IS ROBUST

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Java compels the programmer to be thorough. It carries out type checking at both compile and runtime making sure that every data structure has been clearly defined and typed. Java manages memory automatically by using an automatic garbage collector. The garbage collector runs as a low priority thread in the background keeping track of all objects and references to those objects in a Java program. When an object has no more references, the garbage collector tags it for removal and removes the object either when there is an immediate need for more memory or when the demand on processor cycles by the program is low.

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JAVA IS SECURE

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The Java language has built-in capabilities to ensure that violations of security do not occur. Consider a Java program running on a workstation on a local area network which in turn is connected to the Internet. Being a dynamic and distributed computing environment, the Java program can, at runtime, dynamically bring in the classes it needs to run either from the workstation's hard drive, other computers on the local area network or a computer thousands of miles away somewhere on the Internet. This ability of classes or applets to come from unknown locations and execute automatically on a local computer sounds like every system administrator's nightmare considering that there could be lurking out there on one of the millions of computers on the Internet, some viruses, trojan horses or worms which can invade the local computer system and wreak havoc on it.
Java goes to great lengths to address these security issues by putting in place a very rigorous multilevel system of security:

• First and foremost, at compile time, pointers and memory allocation are removed thereby eliminating the tools that a system breaker could use to gain access to system resources. Memory allocation is deferred until runtime.
• Even though the Java compiler produces only correct Java code, there is still the possibility of the code being tampered with between compilation and runtime. Java guards against this by using the bytecode verifier to check the bytecode for language compliance when the code first enters the interpreter, before it ever even gets the chance to run.
  The bytecode verifier ensures that the code does not do any of the following:
  • Forge pointers
  • Violate access restrictions
  • Incorrectly access classes
  • Overflow or underflow operand stack
  • Use incorrect parameters of bytecode instructions
  • Use illegal data conversions
• At runtime, the Java interpreter further ensures that classes loaded do not access the file system except in the manner permitted by the client or the user.

Sun Microsystems will soon be adding yet another dimension to the security of Java. They are currently working on a public-key encryption system to allow Java applications to be stored and transmitted over the Internet in a secure encrypted form.

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JAVA IS ARCHITECTURALLY NEUTRAL

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The Java compiler compiles source code to a stage which is intermediate between source and native machine code. This intermediate stage is known as the bytecode, which is neutral. The bytecode conforms to the specification of a hypothetical machine called the Java Virtual Machine and can be efficiently converted into native code for a particular processor.

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JAVA IS PORTABLE

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By porting an interpreter for the Java Virtual Machine to any computer hardware/operating system, one is assured that all code compiled for it will run on that system. This forms the basis for Java's portability.
Another feature which Java employs in order to guarantee portability is by creating a single standard for data sizes irrespective of processor or operating system platforms.

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JAVA IS HIGH-PERFORMANCE

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The Java language supports many high-performance features such as multithreading, just-in-time compiling, and native code usage.

• Java has employed multithreading to help overcome the performance problems suffered by interpreted code as compared to native code. Since an executing program hardly ever uses CPU cycles 100 % of the time, Java uses the idle time to perform the necessary garbage cleanup and general system maintenance that renders traditional interpreters slow in executing applications. [NB: Multithreading is the ability of an application to execute more than one task (thread) at the same time e.g. a word processor can be carrying out spell check in one document and printing a second document at the same time.]
• Since the bytecode produced by the Java compiler from the corresponding source code is very close to machine code, it can be interpreted very efficiently on any platform. In cases where even greater performance is necessary than the interpreter can provide, just-in-time compilation can be employed whereby the code is compiled at run-time to native code before execution.
• An alternative to just-in-time compilation is to link in native C code. This yields even greater performance but is more burdensome on the programmer and reduces the portability of the code.

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JAVA IS DYNAMIC

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By connecting to the Internet, a user immediately has access to thousands of programs and other computers. During the execution of a program, Java can dynamically load classes that it requires either from the local hard drive, from another computer on the local area network or from a computer somewhere on the Internet.

Hibernate (Java)

Hibernate (Java)

Written in Java
OS Cross-platform (JVM)
Platform Java Virtual Machine
Genre Object-relational mapping

Website http://www.thiyagaraajblog.tk

Hibernate is an object-relational mapping (ORM) library for the Java language, providing a framework for mapping an object-oriented domain model to a traditional relational database. Hibernate solves Object-Relational impedance mismatch problems by replacing direct persistence-related database accesses with high-level object handling functions. The Hibernate 2.1 framework won a Jolt Award in 2005 [1]

Hibernate is free as open source software that is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Feature summary

Hibernate's primary feature is mapping from Java classes to database tables (and from Java data types to SQL data types). Hibernate also provides data query and retrieval facilities. Hibernate generates the SQL calls and relieves the developer from manual result set handling and object conversion, keeping the application portable to all SQL databases, with database portability delivered at very little performance overhead.

Hibernate provides transparent persistence for Plain Old Java Objects (POJOs). The only strict requirement for a persistent class is a no-argument constructor, not compulsorily public. (Proper behavior in some applications also requires special attention to the equals() and hashCode() methods.[1])

Hibernate provides a dirty checking feature that avoids unnecessary database write actions by performing SQL updates only on the modified fields of persistent objects.

Hibernate can be used both in standalone Java applications and in Java EE applications using servlets or EJB session beans.

History

Hibernate was developed by a team of Java software developers around the world led by Gavin King. JBoss, Inc. (now part of Red Hat) later hired the lead Hibernate developers and worked with them in supporting Hibernate.

The current version of Hibernate is Version 3.x . This version has new features like a new Interceptor/Callback architecture, user defined filters, and JDK 5.0 Annotations (Java's metadata feature). Hibernate 3 is also very close to the EJB 3.0 specification (although it was finished before the EJB 3.0 specification was released by the Hibernate wrapper for the Core module which provides conformity with the JSR 220 JPA Entity Manager standard).

Application programming interface

The Hibernate API is provided in the Java package org.hibernate.

org.hibernate.SessionFactory interface

References immutable and threadsafe object creating new Hibernate sessions. Hibernate-based applications are usually designed to make use only of a single instance of the class implementing this interface (often exposed using a singleton design pattern).

org.hibernate.Session interface

Represents a Hibernate session i.e. the main point of the manipulation performed on the database entities. The latter activities include (among the other things) managing the persistence state (transient, persisted, detached) of the objects, fetching the persisted ones from the database and the management of the transaction demarcation.

Session is intended to last as long as the logical transaction on the database. Due to the latter feature Session implementations are not expected to be threadsafe nor to be used by multiple clients